Effect of Chemicals on Communiqué Capability of an Individual

Effect of Chemicals on Communiqué Capability of an Individual

 Dr. Archana Durgesh  Dr. Ram Sharma & Ms. Neha Singh

Humans experience a range of emotions every day and to varying degrees. Emotions are subjective experiences; an experience that elicits strong feelings in one person might have little effect on another. The word emotion comes from the Latin word emovere, in which “e” means “out” and “movere” means “move.”

Psychologists believe human emotions are a function of evolution that have enabled us to solve problems, protect ourselves and our families, survive desperate circumstances and procreate. The “fight or flight” response to immediate danger is one of many examples of how emotion prepares us and protects us. The role of emotion in everyday life also influences the way we learn, set goals, communicate with one another, and rank daily tasks and how we perceive ourselves as individuals.
The degree to which we "feel" an emotion can lead to a mind-body experience as well. A person who wets himself when faced with extreme fear is an example of this "mind-body" connection between emotion and physiological response. Modern psychologists can identify dozens of emotions experienced by humans; however there are seven that are considered the "root" emotions.

Joy is a magical, often transformational emotion. In an article titles “The Alchemical Emotion of Joy,” Kevin Ryerson called joy, “the ability to feel the essence of your own divinity.” Related emotions include happiness, exhilaration, excitement, pleasure and contentment.

Anger can be felt on many levels, ranging from highly irritable to frustration. It is defined as a strong feeling of disapproval or dissatisfaction, usually brought on by some real or perceived wrongdoing. Related emotions include resentment, exasperation, rage and fury.

Anxiety can be subjective and difficult to describe. Most often, it means feeling nervous or uneasy, but in many cases there is no specific reason for feeling so. Impending danger, an upcoming exam, speaking in front of an audience, a blind date, and even day-to-day stress can lead to feelings of anxiousness. Related emotions include distress and apprehension.

Feelings of surprise can be pleasant or unpleasant. The one constant, however, is the suddenness of the feeling. Related emotions include amazement, bewilderment, astonishment or feeling startled.

Also referred to as strength or self-assuredness, trust enables humans to rely on instinct, impart confidence or experience hope. Related emotions include certainty, faith and a feeling of security.

Mental suffering over a great loss or painful experience is the hallmarks of this emotion. Like anger, there are varying degrees of grief, ranging from disappointment to great despair. Related emotions include anguish, heartache, melancholy and woe.

Fear is an adaptive human emotion that often has unpleasant side effects. In cases of violent crime or a near-death experience, the victim might experience post-traumatic stress disorder. Fear can also have a protective effect. Think of the father who, for only a moment, can't locate his child in a busy supermarket. His immediate response (fear) enables him to quickly read his surroundings, listen for his child's voice and locate the child. Related emotions include apprehension, terror, panic and dread.

Feelings of personal attachment to a child, husband, wife, parent or friend are most commonly associated with love, but love can fall anywhere on the spectrum from passionate affection to mere enthusiasm. Feelings of love might be romantic, or they could mean having a high regard for a friend, church or cause. Related emotions include fondness, adoration and passion.

An array of emotions control human minds as:

·         Feelings of Happiness

·         Drive and Motivation

·         Ability to Focus

·         Emotional Stability

·         Mental Alertness

·         Good Feelings toward Others

·         Calmness in the Face of Difficulty

UNDERSTANDING NEUROTRANSMITTERS

In your brain are ten billion neurons (brain cells). Between each and every one of these are neurotransmitters. Chemical messengers that TRANSMIT thought from one cell to the next, allowing brain cells to "talk to each other." What's most fascinating is that how you experience emotion and how you feel, is dictated by certain neurotransmitters, as illustrated in the following example:

A RED GLASS held in front of a flashlight will transmit light through the glass as RED. It has no choice but to transmit as RED. A GREEN glass transmits the light as GREEN. The colors RED and GREEN can be compared to different emotions or feelings you feel. The glass is the transmitter; the beam of light is like your thought. Different neurotransmitters, like different colored glasses, will determine which emotion or feeling your thought is transmitted in. Some transmitters transmit thought in a positive, happy or euphoric feeling; some transmit thought in a relaxed, calm and quiet mood; some transmit thought in a highly motivated, intense and focused “state of mind,” and so on.

The types of transmitters change regularly between cells in your brain to meet the needs of your current circumstance. At night, to induce sleep, the brain needs to raise its level so certain thoughts are transmitted in a calming, quieting and relaxing way for you to sleep well. In the morning it must lower its levels of these transmitters and raise excitatory transmitter levels. During exercise it increases levels of euphoria inducing transmitters. During times of stress it must raise levels of another transmitter that helps you to remain calm and in control. When in pain, inhibitory transmitters are used by the brain to restrict the transmission of pain. The more present the less pain you feel!

It is critical that all of the major neurotransmitters be present daily and in sufficient amounts in order for the brain to be chemically balanced. When there are insufficient amounts of one or more of these it upsets the ratio and symptoms are experienced.

NEUROTRANSMITTER DEFICIENCIES

ü    Depression

ü    Lifelessness

ü    Mood Swings

ü    Irritability

ü    Sleeplessness

ü    Anxiety/Panic

ü    Brain Fog

ü    Stress Damage

Depleted supplies of "feel good" transmitters’ means it will be impossible for you to feel happy, upbeat, motivated or on track. You will feel just the opposite: A decrease in energy and interest, feelings of worthlessness and a pervasive sense of helplessness to control the course of your life.

Certain transmitters, when depleted, may cause you to be easily agitated or angered, experience mild to severe anxiety and have sleep problems. You may feel more psychological and physical pain. These can all be symptoms of neurotransmitter insufficiency.

IN CHILDREN, when supplies of desirable transmitters are too low, it is a major cause of excitable, uncontrollable behavior, and an inability to focus or pay attention. An extremely low level of some neurotransmitters creates the potential of violent behavior.

MAIN CAUSES OF NEUROTRANSMITTER DEFICIENCIES

·         GENETIC: A person’s genetic makeup is responsible for low, high or balanced levels of transmitters from birth.

·         STRESS: Stress depletes neurotransmitters! Any type of stress . . . lack of sleep, everyday mental and emotional battles or poor health, will deplete “feel good” transmitters. This results in a reduction of transmitters needed for sleep, as well as pain blocking transmitters.

·         DIET: The specific amino acids that our brains manufacture transmitters from are frequently not supplied by our modern diet or in the way our brain best utilizes them. As stress further depletes supplies it is difficult, if not impossible, for the brain to restore necessary amounts to proper levels.

Major Neurotransmitters “Feel Good” ENDORPHINS (Opiods): Mood elevating, enhancing, euphoric. The more present, the happier you are! Natural pain killers. NOREPINEPHRINE: Excitatory, feel happy, alert, motivated. Anti-depressant, appetite control, energy, sexual arousal. DOPAMINE: Feelings of bliss and pleasure, euphoric, appetite control, controlled motor movements, feel focused. ACETYLCHOLINE: Alertness, memory, sexual performance, appetite control, release of growth hormone. PHENYLETHYLMINE (PEA): Feelings of bliss, involved in feelings of infatuation (high levels found in chocolate). Inhibitory ENKEPHALINS: Restrict transmission of pain, reduce craving, reduce depression. GABA (Gamma Amino Butyric Acid): Found throughout central nervous system, anti-stress, anti-anxiety, anti-panic, anti-pain; Feel calm, maintain control, focus. Hormonal SEROTONIN: Promotes and improves sleep, improves self esteem, relieves depression, diminishes craving, prevents agitated depression and worrying. MELATONIN: "Rest and recuperation" and "anti-aging" hormone. Regulates body clock. OXYTOCIN: Stimulated by Dopamine. Promotes sexual arousal, feelings of emotional attachment, desire to cuddle.

·         How Can One Restore Proper Levels of these Neurotransmitters?

Major transmitters are manufactured inside neurons (brain cells) and then used as needed. Neurons specifically use two key amino acids as precursors, or building blocks, to make transmitters from. By supplying your brain with a ready daily supply of these 2 amino acids, neurotransmitter levels are maintained.

·         How Do One Feel When Transmitters Are Restored?

As levels are restored, you notice that you sleep better, think more clearly, are slower to anger, feel more at peace and relaxed. You find you're more positive, focused and motivated. These feelings begin to replace negative thoughts, hopelessness and depression.

·         How We Feed Our Brain Directly Affects Our Production of Neurotransmitters.

“If the ‘smart nutrient’ intake of all … was optimal, the widespread use of psychotropic drugs that are designed to treat depression, anxiety, senility and personality disorders would greatly diminish.” --Robert Haas.

Three main challenges in providing the brain with a daily supply of these key amino acids:

• Diet: Overharvesting of fields resulting in nutrient depleted soils, fruits and vegetables not allowed to fully ripen on the vine, and over-processing of foods have all combined over the last century to rob our diets of many life-giving nutrients. Experts in the field of brain nutrition all agree that it is virtually impossible to get the necessary supply of the specific amino acids from our American Diet that our brain needs to create enough of the neurotransmitters that keep us feeling balanced and happy.
• Blood Brain Barrier (BBB): The BBB is a membrane or sack that completely surrounds the brain and filters all of the blood as it enters the brain. The difficulty in acquiring the high levels of the specific amino acids the brain needs to manufacture the "feel good" transmitters exists because other nutrients compete with them for entry through the BBB. For example, it is difficult to impossible for the two key amino acids to pass through the BBB when PROTEIN and OTHER AMINO ACIDS are present because they will compete with them for entry through the BBB. Thus, the brain cannot readily utilize these amino acids from protein sources such as meat, eggs and dairy products. The same is true when they are combined in a formula containing other amino acids or unassociated nutrients.
• Synergism: It has been discovered that in order for the brain to establish the proper ratio of one neurotransmitter to another it uses these two key amino acids best when formulated together with trace amounts of other specific associated co-factor nutrients. The inter-conversion process of these amino acids, in order to function optimally, REQUIRES these certain co-factors. When all of the necessary raw elements are present together, and in exact formulation, a higher quality and quantity of ALL desired transmitters can then be naturally produced. The result is that brain chemical balance is then possible.

Stress Depletes Neurotransmitters

In handling daily stress the brain uses feel good transmitters called endorphins (opiods). When large amounts are needed to handle stress, the RATIO of many of the other transmitters, one to another, becomes upset creating a chemical imbalance. We begin to FEEL stress more acutely -- a sense of urgency and anxiety creates more stress. Harmful chemicals are released in our bodies that do damage, causing more stress. We call this vicious cycle the “stress cycle.” Emotional fatigue can result, and be experienced and felt as depression.

·         The body responds to EMOTIONAL STRESS exactly as it responds to PHYSICAL DANGER. Without our being aware of it, usually not feeling it at all, our bodies are continuously reacting to emotions such as frustration, irritation, resentment, hurt, grief and anxiety -- responding to these MENTAL and EMOTIONAL STRUGGLES with a primitive physiological "fight or flight" response designed to prepare our bodies to face immediate danger. In modern day life we don't fight, we don't flee. Instead, the high-energy chemicals produced in many everyday situations boil inside of us, potentially taking years off our lives.

·         Almost all the body functions and organs react to stress.

·         Your body responds to stress with a series of physiological changes that include increased secretion of adrenaline, elevation of blood pressure, acceleration of the heartbeat, and greater tension in the muscles. Digestion slows or stops. Within 24 to 48 hours after a stress-anxiety-anger reaction, major physical symptoms can and do occur.

·         Stress creates an excellent breeding ground for illness.

Increased adrenaline production causes the body to step up its metabolism of proteins, fats and carbohydrates to quickly produce energy for the body to use. The pituitary gland increases its production of andrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), which in turn stimulates the release of the hormones cortisone and cortisol. These have the effect of inhibiting the functioning of disease fighting white blood cells and suppressing the immune system response. This complex of physical changes known as the "fight or flight" response is also the reason that stress can lead to nutritional deficiencies.

·         Long-Term Stress is Particularly Dangerous.

Continual stress eventually wears out the body. Consider the fact that only a few of the veterans, Russian or German, who fought during the siege of Stalingrad lived to age 50. Few lived to 45, and most died soon after their 40th birthdays. All of these individuals suffered extreme stress 24 hours a day for more than six months. With Amino Acids, Vitamins, and Minerals, Opiods (Endorphin) levels are maintained.

High-energy chemicals are not pumped into your body to do damage. You remain relaxed, at peace, and maintain a sense of well-being. Researchers estimate that stress contributes to as many as 80% of all major illnesses that include cardiovascular disease, cancer, endocrine and metabolic disease, skin disorders and infectious ailments of all kinds.

Afternoon Delight

The afternoon hunger that leads us to the cookie jar, soda pop or chocolate bar may have more to do with a brain chemical imbalance than actual hunger. When the stress of the day accumulates and too many of our own natural "feel good" transmitters become depleted we reach for something to make us feel better. Consider the fact that chocolate contains high amounts of phenylethylamine, a neurotransmitter that causes feelings of bliss and is involved in feelings of infatuation. Hence, the love affair many "chocoholics" have with chocolate! Four decades of research strongly suggests that when the brain has adequate supplies of the specific amino acids that it uses to make the transmitters that help us to think clearly, pay attention and sleep well, behavior tends to be normal. Did you ever notice that when you are feeling good you are less hungry?

Neurotransmitter	Function	Drugs that Affect Neurotransmitters	Neurotransmitter Deficiencies Result In	Amino Acid Supplement
Norepinephrine	Arousal, energy, drive	Cocaine, speed, caffeine, tobacco	Lack of drive, depression, lack of energy	L-phenylalanine
GABA	Staying calm, relaxation, focus	Valium, alcohol, marijuana, tobacco	Free-floating anxiety, fearfulness, insecurity, can't relax or sleep, unexplained panic	L-glutamine
Endorphins	Psychological / physical pain relief, pleasure, reward, good / loving feelings toward others	Heroin, marijuana, alcohol, sugar, tobacco	Overly sensitive, feelings of incompleteness, anhedonia (inability to experience pleasure normally), world lacks color, inability to love	dL-phenylalanine
Serotonin	Emotional stability, pain tolerance, self-confidence	Sugar, marijuana, ecstasy, tobacco	Depression, obsession, worry, low self-esteem, sleep problems, hunger, irritability	Chromium Picolinate Increases L-Tryptophan availability

ADD / ADHD Attention Deficit (Hyperactivity) Disorder

ADD has nothing to do with intelligence. Many people with ADD are highly intelligent. According to experts in the field of ADD/ADHD, the disorder is the result of a neurotransmitter imbalance.

Recognizing ADD

Not all children who are naturally rambunctious or extraordinarily curious have ADHD. Nor do all disorganized adults who have many things going on at one time have ADD. A professional diagnosis is the best way to determine ADD / ADHD in any individual. However, the following description, as given by experts in the field of ADD / ADHD, serves as a guide.

A high level of frustration causes ADD people to be impatient. Whatever is going on -- they want it to go quickly and be finished. People with ADD suffer from “overload;” they have a heightened awareness of incoming environmental stimuli. Their world tends to be too bright, too loud, too abrasive and too rapidly changing for comfort. Unable to filter out normal background “noise” they find it difficult to concentrate on a task before them. Disorientation to time and space is often a problem. For instance they may have to stop and think which hand is their right or left. They may have difficulty following a set of instructions or reading a map. ADD people tend to be disorganized. They have trouble making and carrying out plans. Many ADD people are hyperactive. As youngsters they're constantly moving, squirming, twisting and getting into everything. As adults they’re restless and easily distracted. They often tend to forget appointments, to pay bills and complete tasks. Because they’re always in a hurry, delays of any kind make them frantic. ADD people live under such stress, frustration is difficult to tolerate, and when they're frustrated they're likely to become angry.

Adults	Children
  A sense of under achievement (cannot get life together)	  Head-knocking
  Difficulty getting organized	  Lack of concentration
  Chronic procrastinating	  Tendency to disturb others
  Starting new tasks and projects without completion	  Self-destructive behavior
  Impulsive speaking	  Frequent mood changes
  Being bored easily (unable to sustain attention over prolonged period)	  Speech and hearing disorders
  Easy distractibility (a tendency to drift away in a conversation or thought)	  Temper tantrums
  Creative, intuitive and highly intelligent (flashes of brilliance in the midst of disorganization)	  Impatience
  Needless worrying or a sense of impending doom	  Extreme distractibility
  Difficulty solving problems or managing time	  Forgetfulness
  Low tolerance for stress and otherwise ordinary problems	  Inability to finish tasks
  Mood swings or depression	  Learning disabilities
  Tendencies toward addictive behavior	  A tendency to become frustrated quickly
  Family history of ADD	  Inability to sit still for any length of time
.	  Clumsiness
.	  Sleep disturbances
.	  Failure in school despite average or above average intelligence

BIOPSYCHIATRY CONTROVERS:

The biopsychiatry controversy is a dispute over which viewpoint should predominate and form the scientific basis of psychiatric theory and practice. The debate is a criticism of a claimed strict biological view of psychiatric thinking.  Biological psychiatry or biopsychiatry aims to investigate determinants of mental disorders devising remedial measures of a primarily somatic nature.

This has been criticized by Alvin Pam for being a “stilted, one-dimensional, and mechanistic world-view” so that subsequent “research in psychiatry has been geared toward discovering which aberrant genetic or neurophysiologic factors underlie and cause social deviance.”

According to Pam the “blame the body” approach, which typically offers medication for mental distress, shifts the focus from disturbed behavior in the family to putative biochemical imbalances.

CHEMICAL IMBALANCE HYPOTHESIS

The chemical imbalance hypothesis states that a chemical imbalance within the brain is the main cause of psychiatric conditions and that these conditions can be improved with medication which corrects this imbalance. In this hypothesis, emotions within a “normal” spectrum reflect a proper balance of neuro chemicals, but abnormally extreme emotions, such as clinical depression, reflect an imbalance there is sufficient evidence to consider it as a useful heuristic in the aiding of our understanding of brain chemistry and explaining pharmacotherapy.^”

HORMONES

A little place IN YOUR BRAIN called the Hypothalamus, a gland about the size of the tip of your thumb, is often referred to as the "master controller" as it regulates your entire hormonal (endocrine) system, orchestrating what all the other glands of the endocrine system do. In addition to this aspect of metabolism the hypothalamus also regulates body temperature and the hunger response. More blood gushes through the hypothalamus than any part of the brain.

Hormones tell your bones how much calcium to store or release, influencing how strong your bones are determine height, bone and muscle growth directly affect your mood tell your brain when you will sleep and for how long Hormones determine at what rate to metabolize when and where to store fat levels of estrogen, progesterone and testosterone sex drive blood pressure blood sugar levels numerous other functions

The ENDOCRINE SYSTEM'S glands (a gland is an organ or tissue that secretes HORMONES, substances for use elsewhere in the body, into the bloodstream) include the pituitary, thyroid, thymus and adrenal glands, as well as the pancreas, ovaries and testes.

HORMONES float through your blood, messengers telling various cells that they come in contact with what to do. They are essential to life as they regulate and determine how well your body performs many of its functions. Hormones affect your overall health and well-being, and determine how youthful you remain throughout life.

SYMPTOMS OF ADD / ADHD

Amino Acids are the Building Blocks of All Life!

In order to function properly, the body MUST HAVE the essential amino acid phenylalanine. Essentially meaning that the body cannot convert it from other nutrients and so it is dependent on an outside source to acquire sufficient amounts of this amino acid. If the diet is not providing adequate amounts of phenylalanine then recommended therapeutic dosage is 500 to 2000 milligrams per day.

Menopause

Just before menopause many women experience anxiety. The body ceasing to ovulate brings on a major transition largely due to the reduction of the hormones estrogen and progesterone.

Many different organs and systems of the body are affected by this change as many will take over from the ovaries to produce some estrogen and other hormones. The brain and body has to adjust to all of the changes. The transition usually lasts up to five years.

Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS)

According to the National Women's Health Resource Center, as many as 95% of women have some premenstrual discomfort; for 30% to 35% of them it's severe. Besides hormonal imbalance being a cause, it has also been discovered that women suffering with PMS have LOW ENDORPHIN LEVELS, the brain's natural "feel good" chemicals. This might explain why PMS has also been linked to clinical depression!

MAJOR NEUROTRANSMITTERS AND THEIR EFFECTS

Acetylcholine (ACh) Distributed widely throughout the central nervous system, where it is involved in arousal, attention, memory, motivation, and movement. Involved in muscle action through presence at neuromuscular junctions (specialized type of synapse where neurons connect to muscle cells). Degeneration of neurons that produce ACh has been linked to Alzheimer’s disease. Too much of it can lead to spasms and tremors, too little to paralysis or torpor.

·         Dopamine Involved in a wide variety of behaviors and emotions, including pleasure. Implicated in schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease.

·         Serotonin Involved in the regulation of sleep, dreaming, mood, eating, pain, and aggressive behavior. Implicated in depression.

·         Norepinephrine Affects arousal, wakefulness, learning, memory, and mood.

·         Endorphins Involved in the inhibition of pain. Released during strenuous exercise. May be responsible for “runner’s high.”

·         Glutamate Involved in long-term memory and the perception of pain.

·         GABA A largely inhibitory neurotransmitter distributed widely throughout the central (Gamma amino butyric acid) nervous system. Implicated in sleep and eating disorders. Low levels of GABA have also been linked to extreme anxiety.

·         Glycene Principally responsible for inhibition in the spinal cord and lower brain centers.

Emotions are “the glue” that connects people to one another. They are the foundation of your ability to understand yourself and relate to others. When you are aware and in control of your emotions, you can think clearly and creatively; manage stress and challenges; communicate well with others; and display trust, empathy, and confidence. But lose control of your emotions, and you’ll spin into confusion, isolation, and doubt. By learning to recognize, manage, and deal with your emotions, you’ll enjoy greater happiness and health, as well as better relationships.

Sites referred and cited:

·         http://cwx.prenhall.com/bookbind/pubbooks/morris5/medialib/images/T02_01.pd

·         http://www.minddisorders.com/Kau-Nu/Neurotransmitters.html#ixzz2S0wWWJj8

·         http://www.minddisorders.com/Kau-Nu/Neurotransmitters.html#ixzz2S0vw9sD2

·         http://www.minddisorders.com/Kau-Nu/Neurotransmitters.html#ixzz2S0vUGKNQ

·         Neurotransmitters -- How They Help Your Feelings.htm

·         Neurotransmitters impact.pdf

·         http://www.livestrong.com/article/26673-list-human-emotions/#ixzz2SIYXnhXl

·         http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_imbalance_theory